What's the plan?

What's the question?

To do a trip to Madrid and Florence? Why not?

Vueling airline has a direct flight taking 2 hours.

What's your time frame, sailingmargo?

This is what googling found: https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Madrid/Florence-Italy

IF accurate, flying is the shortest way.

Either city is interesting enough to visit for at least a week--more if you do some day trips. Please provide a bit more info about your plans.

Thank you both so much for info. I had looked on Rome to Rio, but did not come up with anything. Nice to know options. I’m just a very beginning stages of trying to figure if I can do this. Want to see Madrid again, for museums and the Florence and Rome, then Naples for Herculaneum. Over a 2 week period probably. Again thank you. ����

Have you already been to Rome, Florence and Naples?
When is the trip?
Does two weeks include travel time?
Have you been to other places in Spain?
Are you a fast, see a couple things, hit the road kind of traveler, or do you like to see more in one place?
Just my opinion, but Rome (and Italy as a whole) has so much to see, it can take more time than one might think.

???
https://www.rome2rio.com/map/Madrid/Florence-Italy

You don't need to fly into Florence. Florence would limit your choices. Likely cost more.

Ryanair flies Madrid to CIA/Rome multiple times a day for not much.

Likely an easyjet flight to Naples but I haven't checked. Same thing with Pisa.

Use Google flights. They should all come up.

Fly from Madrid to Naples. After Naples take the train to Rome.