For Medieval bang-for-the-buck, it's hard to beat York: the Minster and many other churches, the walls, the Shambles and other downtown streets. Shopping on the high street is good/typical of British cities (in other words, it had all of our favorites). We spent 24 hours (noon to noon) and could have easily filled a second day, not to mention the attractions nearby. The Minster really can take half a day - the undercroft is a must. The stained glass is medieval (I think the largest expanse of original stained glass in England or something).
Edinburgh is also great - I'd give it 2 full days if possible. You have the castle, which is amazing and the Holyrood Palace and the abbey ruins at the other end of the Royal Mile. Edinburgh is a good combination with York, as you pretty much go right through on the train, so janisj's suggestion is a good one.
We did Oxford as a day trip, and it is fantastic for medieval architecture. I would say you could fill in excess of 2 days there. The Ashmolean museum is quite good (maybe 2 hours or so). Several key things are closed on Sundays, btw.
We enjoyed Cardiff as well. Cardiff Castle is a good combination of Norman, Medieval and Gothic Revival. Nearby there are other good castles and abbeys. We only had time for Caerphilly Castle, a short bus ride away from the city.
Have you seen the Amateur Historian series of travel books by Sarah Kettler and Carole Trimble? Titles include:
<i>The Amateur Historian's Guide to Medieval and Tudor London</i>;
<i>The Amateur Historian's Guide to the Heart of England: Volume 3 - Nearly 200 Medieval & Tudor Sites Two Hours or Less from London</i>; and
<i>The Amateur Historians' Guide to Medieval and Tudor England: Day Trips South of London - Dover, Canterbury, Rochester</i>
These books are packed with history and info about old architecture. I've found them very useful. All are available from Amazon, or from
http://www.abebooks.com/ (used and new, several dollars less per book).
I have posted some trip reports (with photo links):
http://fodors.com/forums/threadselec...p;tid=34870457
(Glasgow, Edinburgh, York, Salisbury, London)
http://fodors.com/forums/threadselec...p;tid=35016109
(London, Oxford, Cardiff - still in progress)