For Columbus I'd also include - www.shortnorth.org, www.shortnorth.com

For Frankfurt - www.kyhorsepark.com It would be a shame to miss this, since you will be so close.

In Lansing, a nice campus tour of Michigan State would be lovely.

Franklin Park Conservatory and Botantical Gardens near downtown Columbus.

Not sure where you are traveling from or how the 'day-trip' part would work but of the 5 you have, Columbus & Frankfurt would be my first choices (& I've been to all but Lansing). But all would warrant more than a day, at least a long weekend, I would say.

If you are sure you will be visiting Kentucky you should read "The Bluegrass Conspiracy" before coming. This book will give you a different view of the state and it's political history. It's sad to have to say this book is non-fiction and very accurate but every place has a checkered past and the story in that book is just a small part of that past. After reading you should let us all know what you think about it.

For Charleston, WV - I'd add the state museum at the Cultural Center (very close to the Gov Mansion), however, it is closed for renovations. Hopefully it will be reopened before you visit.
http://www.wvculture.org/agency/cultcenter.html

Couple other historical things you may find of interest each about a 1 hour drive from Charleston:
In Beckley: Take a trip into an underground coal mine, there's also a museum, etc. http://www.beckleymine.com/
In Huntington: http://www.heritagefarmmuseum.com/pages/tours.htm

The coal mine had been closed, I don't know if that was a seasonal thing, or something else entirely.

If you can, visit Madison on Saturday morning in the summer. A wonderful Farmer's Market is set up around the capitol. It is a not to be missed event.

I can't quite remember where Frankfort is, but I would think that Pleasant Hill would be in the neighborhood as you go either toward or away from WVA. It is a beautiful Shaker village, and well worth a visit.

Frankfort is just off I-64 between Lexington and Louisville. Pleasant Hill (Shakertown) is on the Harrodsburg Road between Lexington and H-burg--not too far off 64. It's a few hours to West Virginia.